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authorGerd Hoffmann <kraxel@redhat.com>2019-02-28 12:36:45 +0100
committerGerd Hoffmann <kraxel@redhat.com>2019-02-28 12:36:45 +0100
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tree53ee96da1ecd41ba75601721a6165aec40c135e5 /README.tmt
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-
-============================================
-libtmt - a simple terminal emulation library
-============================================
-
-libtmt is the Tiny Mock Terminal Library. It provides emulation of a classic
-smart text terminal, by maintaining an in-memory screen image. Sending text
-and command sequences to libtmt causes it to update this in-memory image,
-which can then be examined and rendered however the user sees fit.
-
-The imagined primary goal for libtmt is to for terminal emulators and
-multiplexers; it provides the terminal emulation layer for the `mtm`_
-terminal multiplexer, for example. Other uses include screen-scraping and
-automated test harnesses.
-
-libtmt is similar in purpose to `libtsm`_, but considerably smaller (500
-lines versus 6500 lines). libtmt is also, in this author's humble opinion,
-considerably easier to use.
-
-.. _`mtm`: https://github.com/deadpixi/mtm
-.. _`libtsm`: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/kmscon/libtsm/
-
-Major Features and Advantages
-=============================
-
-Works Out-of-the-Box
- libtmt emulates a well-known terminal type (`ansi`), the definition of
- which has been in the terminfo database since at least 1995. There's no
- need to install a custom terminfo entry. There's no claiming to be an
- xterm but only emulating a small subset of its features. Any program
- using terminfo works automatically: this includes vim, emacs, mc,
- cmus, nano, nethack, ...
-
-Portable
- Written in pure C99.
- Optionally, the POSIX-mandated `wcwidth` function can be used, which
- provides minimal support for combining characters.
-
-Small
- Less than 500 lines of C, including comments and whitespace.
-
-Free
- Released under a BSD-style license, free for commercial and
- non-commerical use, with no restrictions on source code release or
- redistribution.
-
-Simple
- Only 8 functions to learn, and really you can get by with 6!
-
-International
- libtmt internally uses wide characters exclusively, and uses your C
- library's multibyte encoding functions.
- This means that the library automatically supports any encoding that
- your operating system does.
-
-How to Use libtmt
-=================
-
-libtmt is a single C file and a single header. Just include these files
-in your project and you should be good to go.
-
-By default, libtmt uses only ISO standard C99 features,
-but see `Compile-Time Options`_ below.
-
-Example Code
-------------
-
-Below is a simple program fragment giving the flavor of libtmt.
-Note that another good example is the `mtm`_ terminal multiplexer:
-
-.. _`mtm`: https://github.com/deadpixi/mtm
-
-.. code:: c
-
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include "tmt.h"
-
- /* Forward declaration of a callback.
- * libtmt will call this function when the terminal's state changes.
- */
- void callback(tmt_msg_t m, TMT *vt, const void *a, void *p);
-
- int
- main(void)
- {
- /* Open a virtual terminal with 2 lines and 10 columns.
- * The first NULL is just a pointer that will be provided to the
- * callback; it can be anything. The second NULL specifies that
- * we want to use the default Alternate Character Set; this
- * could be a pointer to a wide string that has the desired
- * characters to be displayed when in ACS mode.
- */
- TMT *vt = tmt_open(2, 10, callback, NULL, NULL);
- if (!vt)
- return perror("could not allocate terminal"), EXIT_FAILURE;
-
- /* Write some text to the terminal, using escape sequences to
- * use a bold rendition.
- *
- * The final argument is the length of the input; 0 means that
- * libtmt will determine the length dynamically using strlen.
- */
- tmt_write(vt, "\033[1mhello, world (in bold!)\033[0m", 0);
-
- /* Writing input to the virtual terminal can (and in this case, did)
- * call the callback letting us know the screen was updated. See the
- * callback below to see how that works.
- */
- tmt_close(vt);
- return EXIT_SUCCESS;
- }
-
- void
- callback(tmt_msg_t m, TMT *vt, const void *a, void *p)
- {
- /* grab a pointer to the virtual screen */
- const TMTSCREEN *s = tmt_screen(vt);
- const TMTPOINT *c = tmt_cursor(vt);
-
- switch (m){
- case TMT_MSG_BELL:
- /* the terminal is requesting that we ring the bell/flash the
- * screen/do whatever ^G is supposed to do; a is NULL
- */
- printf("bing!\n");
- break;
-
- case TMT_MSG_UPDATE:
- /* the screen image changed; a is a pointer to the TMTSCREEN */
- for (size_t r = 0; r < s->nline; r++){
- if (s->lines[r]->dirty){
- for (size_t c = 0; c < s->ncol; c++){
- printf("contents of %zd,%zd: %lc (%s bold)\n", r, c,
- s->lines[r]->chars[c].c,
- s->lines[r]->chars[c].a.bold? "is" : "is not");
- }
- }
- }
-
- /* let tmt know we've redrawn the screen */
- tmt_clean(vt);
- break;
-
- case TMT_MSG_ANSWER:
- /* the terminal has a response to give to the program; a is a
- * pointer to a string */
- printf("terminal answered %s\n", (const char *)a);
- break;
-
- case TMT_MSG_MOVED:
- /* the cursor moved; a is a pointer to the cursor's TMTPOINT */
- printf("cursor is now at %zd,%zd\n", c->r, c->c);
- break;
- }
- }
-
-Data Types and Enumerations
----------------------------
-
-.. code:: c
-
- /* an opaque structure */
- typedef struct TMT TMT;
-
- /* possible messages sent to the callback */
- typedef enum{
- TMT_MSG_MOVED, /* the cursor changed position */
- TMT_MSG_UPDATE, /* the screen image changed */
- TMT_MSG_ANSWER, /* the terminal responded to a query */
- TMT_MSG_BELL /* the terminal bell was rung */
- } tmt_msg_T;
-
- /* a callback for the library
- * m is one of the message constants above
- * vt is a pointer to the vt structure
- * r is NULL for TMT_MSG_BELL
- * is a pointer to the cursor's TMTPOINT for TMT_MSG_MOVED
- * is a pointer to the terminal's TMTSCREEN for TMT_MSG_UPDATE
- * is a pointer to a string for TMT_MSG_ANSWER
- * p is whatever was passed to tmt_open (see below).
- */
- typedef void (*TMTCALLBACK)(tmt_msg_t m, struct TMT *vt,
- const void *r, void *p);
-
- /* color definitions */
- typedef enum{
- TMT_COLOR_BLACK,
- TMT_COLOR_RED,
- TMT_COLOR_GREEN,
- TMT_COLOR_YELLOW,
- TMT_COLOR_BLUE,
- TMT_COLOR_MAGENTA,
- TMT_COLOR_CYAN,
- TMT_COLOR_WHITE,
- TMT_COLOR_DEFAULT /* whatever the host terminal wants it to mean */
- } tmt_color_t;
-
- /* graphical rendition */
- typedef struct TMTATTRS TMTATTRS;
- struct TMTATTRS{
- bool bold; /* character is bold */
- bool dim; /* character is half-bright */
- bool underline; /* character is underlined */
- bool blink; /* character is blinking */
- bool reverse; /* character is in reverse video */
- bool invisible; /* character is invisible */
- tmt_color_t fg; /* character foreground color */
- tmt_color_t bg; /* character background color */
- };
-
- /* characters */
- typedef struct TMTCHAR TMTCHAR;
- struct TMTCHAR{
- wchar_t c; /* the character */
- TMTATTRS a; /* its rendition */
- };
-
- /* a position on the screen; upper left corner is 0,0 */
- typedef struct TMTPOINT TMTPOINT;
- struct TMTPOINT{
- size_t r; /* row */
- size_t c; /* column */
- };
-
- /* a line of characters on the screen;
- * every line is always as wide as the screen
- */
- typedef struct TMTLINE TMTLINE;
- struct TMTLINE{
- bool dirty; /* line has changed since it was last drawn */
- TMTCHAR chars; /* the contents of the line */
- };
-
- /* a virtual terminal screen image */
- typedef struct TMTSCREEN TMTSCREEN;
- struct TMTSCREEN{
- size_t nline; /* number of rows */
- size_t ncol; /* number of columns */
- TMTLINE **lines; /* the lines on the screen */
- };
-
-Functions
----------
-
-`TMT *tmt_open(size_t nrows, size_t ncols, TMTCALLBACK cb, VOID *p, const wchar *acs);`
- Creates a new virtual terminal, with `nrows` rows and `ncols` columns.
- The callback `cb` will be called on updates, and passed `p` as a final
- argument. See the definition of `tmt_msg_t` above for possible values
- of each argument to the callback.
-
- Terminals must have a size of at least two rows and two columns.
-
- `acs` specifies the characters to use when in Alternate Character Set
- (ACS) mode. The default string (used if `NULL` is specified) is::
-
- L"><^v#+:o##+++++~---_++++|<>*!fo"
-
- See `Alternate Character Set`_ for more information.
-
- Note that the callback must be ready to be called immediately, as
- it will be called after initialization of the terminal is done, but
- before the call to `tmt_open` returns.
-
-`void tmt_close(TMT *vt)`
- Close and free all resources associated with `vt`.
-
-`bool tmt_resize(TMT *vt, size_t nrows, size_t ncols)`
- Resize the virtual terminal to have `nrows` rows and `ncols` columns.
- The contents of the area in common between the two sizes will be preserved.
-
- Terminals must have a size of at least two rows and two columns.
-
- If this function returns false, the resize failed (only possible in
- out-of-memory conditions or invalid sizes). If this happens, the terminal
- is trashed and the only valid operation is the close the terminal.
-
-`void tmt_write(TMT *vt, const char *s, size_t n);`
- Write the provided string to the terminal, interpreting any escape
- sequences contained threin, and update the screen image. The last
- argument is the length of the input. If set to 0, the length is
- determined using `strlen`.
-
- The terminal's callback function may be invoked one or more times before
- a call to this function returns.
-
- The string is converted internally to a wide-character string using the
- system's current multibyte encoding. Each terminal maintains a private
- multibyte decoding state, and correctly handles mulitbyte characters that
- span multiple calls to this function (that is, the final byte(s) of `s`
- may be a partial mulitbyte character to be completed on the next call).
-
-`const TMTSCREEN *tmt_screen(const TMT *vt);`
- Returns a pointer to the terminal's screen image.
-
-`const TMTPOINT *tmt_cursor(cosnt TMT *vt);`
- Returns a pointer to the terminal's cursor position.
-
-`void tmt_clean(TMT *vt);`
- Call this after receiving a `TMT_MSG_UPDATE` or `TMT_MSG_MOVED` callback
- to let the library know that the program has handled all reported changes
- to the screen image.
-
-`void tmt_reset(TMT *vt);`
- Resets the virtual terminal to its default state (colors, multibyte
- decoding state, rendition, etc).
-
-Special Keys
-------------
-
-To send special keys to a program that is using libtmt for its display,
-write one of the `TMT_KEY_*` strings to that program's standard input
-(*not* to libtmt; it makes no sense to send any of these constants to
-libtmt itself).
-
-The following macros are defined, and are all constant strings:
-
-- TMT_KEY_UP
-- TMT_KEY_DOWN
-- TMT_KEY_RIGHT
-- TMT_KEY_LEFT
-- TMT_KEY_HOME
-- TMT_KEY_END
-- TMT_KEY_INSERT
-- TMT_KEY_BACKSPACE
-- TMT_KEY_ESCAPE
-- TMT_KEY_BACK_TAB
-- TMT_KEY_PAGE_UP
-- TMT_KEY_PAGE_DOWN
-- TMT_KEY_F1 through TMT_KEY_F10
-
-Note also that the classic PC console sent the enter key as
-a carriage return, not a linefeed. Many programs don't care,
-but some do.
-
-Compile-Time Options
---------------------
-
-There are two preprocessor macros that affect libtmt:
-
-`TMT_INVALID_CHAR`
- Define this to a wide-character. This character will be added to
- the virtual display when an invalid multibyte character sequence
- is encountered.
-
- By default (if you don't define it as something else before compiling),
- this is `((wchar_t)0xfffd)`, which is the codepoint for the Unicode
- 'REPLACEMENT CHARACTER'. Note that your system might not use Unicode,
- and its wide-character type might not be able to store a constant as
- large as `0xfffd`, in which case you'll want to use an alternative.
-
-`TMT_HAS_WCWIDTH`
- By default, libtmt uses only standard C99 features. If you define
- TMT_HAS_WCWIDTH before compiling, libtmt will use the POSIX `wcwidth`
- function to detect combining characters.
-
- Note that combining characters are still not handled particularly
- well, regardless of whether this was defined. Also note that what
- your C library's `wcwidth` considers a combining character and what
- the written language in question considers one could be different.
-
-Alternate Character Set
------------------------
-
-The terminal can be switched to and from its "Alternate Character Set" (ACS)
-using escape sequences. The ACS traditionally contained box-drawing and other
-semigraphic characters.
-
-The characters in the ACS are configurable at runtime, by passing a wide string
-to `tmt_open`. The default if none is provided (i.e. the argument is `NULL`)
-uses ASCII characters to approximate the traditional characters.
-
-The string passed to `tmt_open` must be 31 characters long. The characters,
-and their default ASCII-safe values, are in order:
-
-- RIGHT ARROW ">"
-- LEFT ARROW "<"
-- UP ARROW "^"
-- DOWN ARROW "v"
-- BLOCK "#"
-- DIAMOND "+"
-- CHECKERBOARD "#"
-- DEGREE "o"
-- PLUS/MINUS "+"
-- BOARD ":"
-- LOWER RIGHT CORNER "+"
-- UPPER RIGHT CORNER "+"
-- UPPER LEFT CORNER "+"
-- LOWER LEFT CORNER "+"
-- CROSS "+"
-- SCAN LINE 1 "~"
-- SCAN LINE 3 "-"
-- HORIZONTAL LINE "-"
-- SCAN LINE 7 "-"
-- SCAN LINE 9 "_"
-- LEFT TEE "+"
-- RIGHT TEE "+"
-- BOTTOM TEE "+"
-- TOP TEE "+"
-- VERTICAL LINE "|"
-- LESS THAN OR EQUAL "<"
-- GREATER THAN OR EQUAL ">"
-- PI "*"
-- NOT EQUAL "!"
-- POUND STERLING "f"
-- BULLET "o"
-
-If your system's wide character type's character set corresponds to the
-Universal Character Set (UCS/Unicode), the following wide string is a
-good option to use::
-
- L"→←↑↓■◆▒°±▒┘┐┌└┼⎺───⎽├┤┴┬│≤≥π≠£•"
-
-**Note that multibyte decoding is disabled in ACS mode.** The traditional
-implementations of the "ansi" terminal type (i.e. IBM PCs and compatibles)
-had no concept of multibyte encodings and used the character codes
-outside the ASCII range for various special semigraphic characters.
-(Technically they had an entire alternate character set as well via the
-code page mechanism, but that's beyond the scope of this explanation.)
-
-The end result is that the terminfo definition of "ansi" sends characters
-with the high bit set when in ACS mode. This breaks several multibyte
-encoding schemes (including, most importantly, UTF-8).
-
-As a result, libtmt does not attempt to decode multibyte characters in
-ACS mode, since that would break the multibyte encoding, the semigraphic
-characters, or both.
-
-In general this isn't a problem, since programs explicitly switch to and
-from ACS mode using escape sequences.
-
-When in ACS mode, bytes that are not special members of the alternate
-character set (that is, bytes not mapped to the string provided to
-`tmt_open`) are passed unchanged to the terminal.
-
-Supported Input and Escape Sequences
-====================================
-
-Internally libtmt uses your C library's/compiler's idea of a wide character
-for all characters, so you should be able to use whatever characters you want
-when writing to the virtual terminal (but see `Alternate Character Set`_).
-
-The following escape sequences are recognized and will be processed
-specially.
-
-In the descriptions below, "ESC" means a literal escape character and "Ps"
-means zero or more decimal numeric arguments separated by semicolons.
-In descriptions "P1", "P2", etc, refer to the first parameter, second
-parameter, and so on. If a required parameter is omitted, it defaults
-to the smallest meaningful value (zero if the command accepts zero as
-an argument, one otherwise). Any number of parameters may be passed,
-but any after the first eight are ignored.
-
-Unless explicitly stated below, cursor motions past the edges of the screen
-are ignored and do not result in scrolling. When characters are moved,
-the spaces left behind are filled with blanks and any characters moved
-off the edges of the screen are lost.
-
-====================== ======================================================================
-Sequence Action
-====================== ======================================================================
-0x07 (Bell) Callback with TMT_MSG_BELL
-0x08 (Backspace) Cursor left one cell
-0x09 (Tab) Cursor to next tab stop or end of line
-0x0a (Carriage Return) Cursor to first cell on this line
-0x0d (Linefeed) Cursor to same column one line down, scroll if needed
-ESC H Set a tabstop in this column
-ESC 7 Save cursor position and current graphical state
-ESC 8 Restore saved cursor position and current graphical state
-ESC c Reset terminal to default state
-ESC [ Ps A Cursor up P1 rows
-ESC [ Ps B Cursor down P1 rows
-ESC [ Ps C Cursor right P1 columns
-ESC [ Ps D Cursor left P1 columns
-ESC [ Ps E Cursor to first column of line P1 rows down from current
-ESC [ Ps F Cursor to first column of line P1 rows up from current
-ESC [ Ps G Cursor to column P1
-ESC [ Ps d Cursor to row P1
-ESC [ Ps H Cursor to row P1, column P2
-ESC [ Ps f Alias for ESC [ Ps H
-ESC [ Ps I Cursor to next tab stop
-ESC [ Ps J Clear screen
- P1 == 0: from cursor to end of screen
- P1 == 1: from beginning of screen to cursor
- P1 == 2: entire screen
-ESC [ Ps K Clear line
- P1 == 0: from cursor to end of line
- P1 == 1: from beginning of line to cursor
- P1 == 2: entire line
-ESC [ Ps L Insert P1 lines at cursor, scrolling lines below down
-ESC [ Ps M Delete P1 lines at cursor, scrolling lines below up
-ESC [ Ps P Delete P1 characters at cursor, moving characters to the right over
-ESC [ Ps S Scroll screen up P1 lines
-ESC [ Ps T Scroll screen down P1 lines
-ESC [ Ps X Erase P1 characters at cursor (overwrite with spaces)
-ESC [ Ps Z Go to previous tab stop
-ESC [ Ps b Repeat previous character P1 times
-ESC [ Ps c Callback with TMT_MSG_ANSWER "\033[?6c"
-ESC [ Ps g If P1 == 3, clear all tabstops
-ESC [ Ps h If P1 == 25, show the cursor (if it was hidden)
-ESC [ Ps m Change graphical rendition state; see below
-ESC [ Ps l If P1 == 25, hide the cursor
-ESC [ Ps n If P1 == 6, callback with TMT_MSG_ANSWER "\033[%d;%dR"
- with cursor row, column
-ESC [ Ps s Alias for ESC 7
-ESC [ Ps u Alias for ESC 8
-ESC [ Ps @ Insert P1 blank spaces at cursor, moving characters to the right over
-====================== ======================================================================
-
-For the `ESC [ Ps m` escape sequence above ("Set Graphic Rendition"),
-up to eight parameters may be passed; the results are cumulative:
-
-============== =================================================
-Rendition Code Meaning
-============== =================================================
-0 Reset all graphic rendition attributes to default
-1 Bold
-2 Dim (half bright)
-4 Underline
-5 Blink
-7 Reverse video
-8 Invisible
-10 Leave ACS mode
-11 Enter ACS mode
-22 Bold off
-23 Dim (half bright) off
-24 Underline off
-25 Blink off
-27 Reverse video off
-28 Invisible off
-30 Foreground black
-31 Foreground red
-32 Foreground green
-33 Foreground yellow
-34 Foreground blue
-35 Foreground magenta
-36 Foreground cyan
-37 Foreground white
-39 Foreground default color
-40 Background black
-41 Background red
-42 Background green
-43 Background yellow
-44 Background blue
-45 Background magenta
-46 Background cyan
-47 Background white
-49 Background default color
-============== =================================================
-
-Other escape sequences are recognized but ignored. This includes escape
-sequences for switching out codesets (officially, all code sets are defined
-as equivalent in libtmt), and the various "Media Copy" escape sequences
-used to print output on paper (officially, there is no printer attached
-to libtmt).
-
-Additionally, "?" characters are stripped out of escape sequence parameter
-lists for compatibility purposes.
-
-Known Issues
-============
-
-- Combining characters are "handled" by ignoring them
- (when compiled with `TMT_HAS_WCWIDTH`) or by printing them separately.
-- Double-width characters are rendered as single-width invalid
- characters.
-- The documentation and error messages are available only in English.
-
-Frequently Asked Questions
-==========================
-
-What programs work with libtmt?
--------------------------------
-
-Pretty much all of them. Any program that doesn't assume what terminal
-it's running under should work without problem; this includes any program
-that uses the terminfo, termcap, or (pd|n)?curses libraries. Any program
-that assumes it's running under some specific terminal might fail if its
-assumption is wrong, and not just under libtmt.
-
-I've tested quite a few applications in libtmt and they've worked flawlessly:
-vim, GNU emacs, nano, cmus, mc (Midnight Commander), and others just work
-with no changes.
-
-What programs don't work with libtmt?
--------------------------------------
-
-Breakage with libtmt is of two kinds: breakage due to assuming a terminal
-type, and reduced functionality.
-
-In all my testing, I only found one program that didn't work correctly by
-default with libtmt: recent versions of Debian's `apt`_ assume a terminal
-with definable scrolling regions to draw a fancy progress bar during
-package installation. Using apt in its default configuration in libtmt will
-result in a corrupted display (that can be fixed by clearing the screen).
-
-.. _`apt`: https://wiki.debian.org/Apt
-
-In my honest opinion, this is a bug in apt: it shouldn't assume the type
-of terminal it's running in.
-
-The second kind of breakage is when not all of a program's features are
-available. The biggest missing feature here is mouse support: libtmt
-doesn't, and probably never will, support mouse tracking. I know of many
-programs that *can* use mouse tracking in a terminal, but I don't know
-of any that *require* it. Most (if not all?) programs of this kind would
-still be completely usable in libtmt.
-
-License
--------
-
-Copyright (c) 2017 Rob King
-All rights reserved.
-
-Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
-
-- Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-- Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-- Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the
- names of contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
- derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
-
-THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
-"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
-A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS,
-COPYRIGHT HOLDERS, OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
-INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
-BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF
-USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
-ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
-(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
-OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.